Brigstocke led to chronic lung disease. By , many of the mines had shut down again, with the frac sand industry rapidly relocating to Texas. In the UK, frac sand mining is in its infancy, and protestors are determined to ensure that areas such as Cheshire and Norfolk, which hold frac sand deposits, do not suffer the same fate as Wisconsin. They are not only fighting to keep the oil and gas in the ground, but also the sand.
The presence of frac sand bears omens of a devastated landscape. The Congleton and Chelford Sands are a key site of frac sand. Sibelco has two sand mines in the area, supplying Cuadrilla, a controversial UK fracking company. Sibelco is planning a third mine, which has received signif- icant public opposition. If fracking were to take hold in Lancashire, then it is possible that many more sand mines would be needed. Communities inside and outside Cheshire need to work together if they do not want their local areas to be trashed.
From the road, the digging site is almost invisible, carefully hidden through landscaping. It is a relatively small quarry, producing construction sand for local businesses within thirty miles or so. Sand is heavy and there- fore expensive to transport, so conveying it a long way is rarely cost-effective. The site manager shows me around. Diggers perform an intricate, hypnotic dance, forming an efficient circuit from the digging site to hoppers which pour the sand onto a conveyor belt running around the entire site.
Digging is skilled work: if the driver gets it wrong, the digger may get stuck in the sand, or it may topple over, or it may pick up the wrong kind of sand: the wrong grade size , for example, or the wrong composition. The conveyor belt brings the sand to the shaker deck: a huge metal box, shuddering like a giant washing-machine drum, which sorts the sand granules in a giant centrifuge. A tangential feed of quantities of water drives a rotational motion that causes relative movement of materials suspended in the fluid, separating and sorting the materials.
Whenever we dig into the ground, we unearth another archive. The owner of the quarry is excited by the finds, even though they delay digging. He is a geologist by training and enjoys talking about all the discoveries he has made in the land here. He knows better than anyone that digging for sand carries us once again into deep time and the origins of humanity.
Keen to keep good relations with the local community, he has given findings such as a complete mammoth fossil to local tourist sites. Sense of place is important.
One profitable area of the business comes from selling some of the aggregate, at an enormous markup, as ornamental gravel for people to use in their gardens. Owners of picture-postcard Cotswold cottages, he explains, are keen to have local stone of exactly the right colour to fit in with the local oolitic limestone landscape.
He is proud that his produce is considered so aesthetically pleasing, even if he is baffled by the prices people will pay for it. Wherever you find sand, you often find water bubbling up. Sand and many types of sandstone are porous, so they provide a natural path for water.
At this site, when the digging has finished, the pits are converted into a nature reserve, with large lakes, islands, as well as fields and agricultural land. The water and islands provide an attractive habitat for birds and other wildlife: herons, wading birds, sand martins, and Roman snails.
This restitution of the land is an important part of the lifecycle of the sandscape. We walk around parts of the site that are being restored. One area of land, previously a field, is now scrub wilderness. An ecosystem is slowly emerging of its own accord, and we see bulrush, willow, and silver birch growing.
Effectively, the manager tells me, we borrow the land for a few years and give it back to them better than it was before. He works endlessly to build good relations with the local community: he is hoping to receive planning permission to extend the site and to keep on digging for a few more years. But the planning process, he tells me, is getting harder and harder.
Local residents are reluctant to agree to industrial work happening in their neighbourhood. They complain about the noise of the trucks. And yet our demands for sand are always increasing: building just one average-sized house requires 60 tonnes of aggregate. If we include the associated infrastructure, it can be as high as tonnes. It is as if people expect our building materials to come from nothing; as if sand comes out of thin air and does not have a place, a history, and a story to tell.
Brigstocke The myth of gaining land from nowhere saw its most violent expression in colonialism, which, by refusing to recognise indigenous inhabitants as people, could see their land to be empty and open to discovery and colonisation. Colonialism, that most devastating form of drift, has its own roles to play in the global archives of sand. The environmental effects of sand mining are severe, changing rivers and ecosystems, increasing suspended sediments and causing erosion.
Rich, sand-hungry places such as China, Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai, and Qatar now import as much sand as possible from nearby countries including Vietnam, Cambodia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and the Maldives. Effectively, they export the devastating effects of sand mining to poorer countries. In Indonesia, at least two dozen islands have disappeared entirely, due to illegal sand mining. These countries have now banned exports of sand, but illegal exports of sand thrive—sand is very diffi- cult to trace.
Sand mining has been blamed for the severity of the flash floods in the province of Uttarakhand in , in which approximately people died and , had to be evacuated by military and paramilitary forces. Widespread criticism was voiced that unrestricted sand mining from the rivers had exacerbated the disaster by modifying water flows.
Sand mining was briefly halted, but resumed within a few months. Sand mining has been blamed again for the severity of the floods in Kerala, the worst in nearly a century, killing at least people. The colonisers, needing ever-increasing amounts of construction sand to keep up with the population boom, dug up any beach sand they could find. Without their natural flood protection, indige- nous villagers found their paddy fields engulfed with sea water.
Colonial sand extraction deprived indigenous villagers of their livelihoods, leaving them destitute. They own a piece of taxed sandy land handed down to them by their ancestors. When their village was included in the British Territory in His Excellency the Governor on application by petitioners, graciously allowed them to hold that piece of land which the boundaries are clearly marked out in a plan.
Petitioners hope that although they dare not stop this practice themselves, the law can punish those dishonest boatmen who profit themselves at the expense of others. Petitioners therefore pray Your Honour to order some policemen to investigate this practice of the boatmen.
By the s, villagers were piling stones in the sea to stop junks from getting near their beaches; if they succeeded, the villagers fought them off with guns.
Elsewhere in the colonial bureaucracy, meanwhile, administrators became increasingly upset about the disappear- ance of sand from local swimming beaches. Villagers who had their land dug up from under them were given short shrift.
Until sand supply was returned to the market when Hong Kong finally ran out of sand and became reliant on importing it from else- where , the Sand Monopoly formed a small but vital pillar of the colonial administration. Without a continuous supply of sand, the colony could not exist. When supplies were delayed by even a couple of hours, it created a minor crisis in the city.
Brigstocke Our thought is not ours alone; it is made of the things that assemble our lives and bodies, as well as those things that make our worlds thinkable.
Sand thinks through me and, to the extent that modern self is already sandy, vitri- fied, concretised, cemented, and microchipped, thinking with sand invites me to pay closer attention to those granular materials that think in, through, and with me. In its encounters with air, water, fire, tricalcium silicate, and many other substances, sand composes human societies and ecologies.
Sand drifts across spaces, times, and scales. It is equally at home in land, water, and air. It forms an archive of pulverised stones and fragmented stories. It exists in sandscapes that are as varied and mixed as sand itself. Learning to care for sand, perhaps, may encourage a thinking from the shoreline: a tidal poetics formed from alluvial deposits of sand, silt, and mud.
But they are never innocent. They harbour infinitely varied and fragmented stories. Notes 1. May and J. PDF Clover ePub. PDF Deathtrap Download. PDF Macdonald at Download. PDF Manual of celestial navigation ePub. PDF Rewrites Download. Read Helena, PDF. Teacher Ratios Online.
TP Online. Read PDF U. Constitution For Dummies Online. Read Polarity: 1 PDF. Read Troop PDF. Read What Are We? The Life of Nelson. I'm fairly sure it doesn't qualify if the woman has packed a bag. Harry Silver takes on a deviant, rogue Bererker machine as he races against time to find his kidnapped family, in the newest novel in the popular Berserker saga.
Kidnapped by Robert Louis Stevenson Kidnapped is one of the few classics assigned in elementary school that I actually read in elementary school and one of the few books I had to read for school that I really liked. Now her ambitious brother is back in Scotland with the support of Henry VIII—and a plan to again marry off his beautiful, compliant sister to forge an alliance.
Thanks to his roguish charm and skill with a sword, Finn Sinclair Gordon has managed to survive the treacherous waters between his parents' rival clans—until now.
Though Margaret knows better than to trust the devilishly handsome Highland warrior who unwittingly provides her escape, she struggles to fight the unexpected passion that ignites between them.
Finn, who likes women for a laugh and a night of pleasure, is blindsided by his fierce desire for this steady lass with a kind heart. Despite his merciless reputation, he's on a mission he must defend with his life. One that means taking beautiful Fia Mackintosh prisoner for her own protection! Fia may have dreamed of being swept away by a gorgeous Highlander, but never of being held hostage by a gang of outlaws! While her head screams for her to run, her heart beats a little too fast for her captor, a man she shouldn't, yet can't help but trust ".
While her head screams for her to run, her heart beats a little too fast for her captor, a man she shouldn't, yet can't help but trust….
Nico Nico Michelle C. Reilly Michelle C. Author : Michelle C. Even though she's the daughter of the top casino tycoon in Vegas, the road hasn't been easy. She's finally getting where she wants to be with her career, when she's abducted. Nico, a powerful and immortal Anathergian warrior, likes to have fun. Especially with weapons and women. Preferably not at the same time. Life for him, and the rest of the Anathergians, has taken a recent turn for the worse. So, Nico is relieved when he gets assigned the case to find Juliana.
All Anathergians have sworn to protect humans, and he'll do just about anything to save this one. But, he's in for a bit of a surprise when he finally gets close to this particular human.
Daniels B. Author : B. Bestselling author TJ Clementine thought she'd be safe with her sisters during the holidays. She was wrong. Dead wrong. The only person who can help TJ is ruggedly handsome loner Silas Walker - if she can trust him.
Because this mountain man knows just how to hunt deadly shadows Kidnapped At Christmas - Barb Han When the blonde beauty who shared his bed a year ago tells him he's a father, Wyatt Jackson is stunned.
But the attempted abduction of their newborn daughter drives the Texas cowboy to uncover the dangerous secrets of Meg Anderson's past. Can Wyatt crack a twenty-year-old cold case before this Christmas becomes Meg's last?
Kidnapped by my childhood friend!? A big name princess Chizuru is kidnapped by a rogue. Without knowing the reason, the two of them begin their life together, but neither can ignore the heart throbbing happenings that bring them closer!!
In the midst of this, what will happen when they find out the real reason behind their life together…!? Years ago, when Isabelle Mears was still a young miss too infatuated to know better, she surrendered her innocence to a dishonorable man. Though ruined and cast out from society, she has worked hard to shelter her illegitimate son, Jack. Having sworn off men in her quiet but dignified life, Isabelle is unprepared for the deep longing that rips through her when a handsome stranger rescues her rambunctious six-year-old from the pounding ocean surf.
George Upperton is a man in trouble with debts, women, and a meddling family. He is, by all accounts, the last gentleman on earth Isabelle should be drawn to. But loneliness is a hard mistress, and caution gives way to desire.
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